https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11984/14090 2026-07-18T08:09:26Z https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11984/14631 Home literacy and numeracy environment in effective schools with social diversity Quintas-Quintas, Marta; Barquin, Amelia; Urizar, Ane The purpose of this study was to examine how parents in effective schools with social diversity enrich the home literacy and numeracy environment, the strategies teachers adopt to support them and the obstacles they face. The research was carried out at two effective but socio-economically and culturally disadvantaged schools in the Basque Autonomous Community through 53 semi-structured interviews with native parents (n = 24), migrant parents (n = 7) and teachers (n = 22). Data were analysed using qualitative descriptive content analysis. Parents reported creating a home environment that fosters their children´s literacy and numeracy, whereas teachers perceived that the home environment was not sufficiently enriched. The mechanisms teachers implement to enhance the home literacy and numeracy environment were identified at the school level, such as dynamics that promote library use and an agreed policy on homework, and at the classroom level, the transmission of information and recommendations. Some obstacles at the student level related to limited time and insufficient command of the language were also identified. It is concluded that the initiatives identified by all participants to support literacy and numeracy at home are mainly classroom-level suggestions for informal activities. Improving parent–teacher communication and implementing more intercultural school-level strategies would be a notable improvement. Understandinghow effective schools operate in contexts of socio-economic and cultural diversity can help improve this aspect in other schools, especially those that serve disadvantaged families. 2026-07-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11984/14630 De la infancia a la adolescencia: cambios en los determinantes del desplazamiento activo escolar y diario en Euskadi Albisua, Neritzel El desplazamiento activo constituye una oportunidad relevante para integrar actividad física en la vida cotidiana del alumnado; sin embargo, la evidencia disponible suele analizar sus determinantes considerando rangos de edad amplios y sin diferenciar entre distintos dominios de movilidad. El objetivo fue examinar si los determinantes sociodemográficos, socioeconómicos y territoriales del desplazamiento activo difieren entre infancia y adolescencia, y si estas asociaciones varían entre el desplazamiento activo al centro educativo y el desplazamiento activo diario. Se realizó un estudio transversal en una muestra de 1.032 escolares de 6 a 18 años de Euskadi. Se analizaron por separado dos desenlaces dicotómicos (activo/pasivo): desplazamiento activo al centro educativo y desplazamiento activo diario. Los análisis se estratificaron por etapa educativa (infancia: 6–11 años; adolescencia: 12–18 años) y se ajustaron modelos de regresión logística por sexo, índice de privación socioeconómica (MEDEA), provincia, entorno urbano, tipo de centro y práctica de deporte organizado. En la infancia, el desplazamiento activo se asoció principalmente con factores territoriales y contextuales, reflejando la influencia del entorno físico y de las condiciones locales de movilidad, con una influencia limitada de la privación socioeconómica. En la adolescencia se observó un gradiente socioeconómico consistente, especialmente en el desplazamiento activo diario, con mayores probabilidades de desplazamiento activo en niveles de privación intermedia y media-baja en comparación con el nivel más alto. Los patrones de asociación difirieron entre los dominios de desplazamiento analizados. En conclusión, los determinantes del desplazamiento activo varían según la etapa educativa y el dominio de movilidad, lo que respalda la necesidad de intervenciones específicas por etapa e incorpora una perspectiva de equidad especialmente relevante en la adolescencia.; Active commuting represents a relevant opportunity to integrate physical activity into the daily lives of schoolchildren; however, available evidence has commonly examined its determinants using broad age ranges and without distinguishing between different mobility domains. The aim of this study was to examine whether sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and territorial determinants of active commuting differ between childhood and adolescence, and whether these associations vary between active commuting to school and daily active commuting. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of 1,032 schoolchildren aged 6 to 18 years from the Basque Country. Two dichotomous outcomes (active/passive) were analysed separately: active commuting to school and daily active commuting. Analyses were stratified by educational stage (childhood: 6–11 years; adolescence: 12–18 years), and multivariable logistic regression models were adjusted for sex, socioeconomic deprivation index (MEDEA), province, urban environment, type of school, and participation in organised sport. In childhood, active commuting was mainly associated with territorial and contextual factors, reflecting the influence of the physical environment and local mobility conditions, with a limited influence of socioeconomic deprivation. In adolescence, a consistent socioeconomic gradient was observed, particularly for daily active commuting, with higher odds of active commuting among individuals living in areas with intermediate and medium–low socioeconomic deprivation compared with those from the most advantaged areas. Patterns of association differed between commuting domains. In conclusion, determinants of active commuting vary according to educational stage and mobility domain, supporting the need for stage-specific interventions and highlighting the importance of incorporating an equity perspective, particularly during adolescence. 2026-07-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11984/14629 Más allá del acceso: valor, legitimidad y mercantilización en el deporte en edad escolar Albisua, Neritzel El deporte en edad escolar mantiene una fuerte legitimidad normativa como espacio de salud, inclusión y desarrollo positivo. Sin embargo, esa legitimidad puede ocultar una transformación menos visible: la reorganización institucional de las condiciones bajo las cuales ciertas trayectorias llegan a ser reconocidas como valiosas, sostenibles y merecedoras de inversión. Este artículo desarrolla una intervención teórico-conceptual orientada a reconstruir la mercantilización del deporte en edad escolar más allá de sus manifestaciones más visibles, como el encarecimiento, la privatización o la intensificación competitiva. A partir de una lectura relacional de trabajos recientes sobre desigualdad de acceso, especialización temprana, calidad de la experiencia, abandono y dataficación, y en diálogo con la sociología institucional, la sociología de la infancia y la teoría bourdieusiana del campo, el texto articula tres dimensiones de análisis: la posibilidad deportiva, la temporalidad legítima de la infancia deportiva y la producción institucional del valor deportivo. Se concluye que la mercantilización no produce solo desigualdad distributiva, sino también mecanismos de cierre social y legitimación desigual mediante los cuales diferencias socialmente producidas pueden convertirse en señales legítimas de talento, potencial o mérito deportivo.; School-age sport is commonly presented as a beneficial practice for health, inclusion, education, and the development of children and adolescents. However, participating in sport does not always mean having access to the same opportunities. In many contexts, sporting trajectories increasingly depend on families’ capacity to sustain costs, time commitments, travel, specialized training, and continuity in competitive environments. This ar-ticle develops a theoretical-conceptual approach to this process through the concept of commodification. The aim is not only to analyze whether school-age sport is becoming more expensive or more privatized, but to understand how sporting value is produced; that is, how certain trajectories come to be considered more promising, legitimate, and worthy of support than others. To this end, three analytical dimensions are articulated: the possibility of initiating and sustaining a sporting trajectory, the organization of children’s sporting time around future expectations, and the institution-al production of sporting value. Drawing on recent literature on inequality, early specialization, dropout, quality of experience, and datafication, the article argues that commodification not only limits access, but also trans-forms pre-existing social inequalities into apparently legitimate signs of tal-ent, potential, or sporting merit 2026-06-22T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11984/14628 Replica-Based Moving Target Defense Against Injection Attacks in Software-Defined Industrial Control Systems Etxezarreta, Xabier; Turrin, Federico; Garitano, Iñaki; Iturbe, Mikel; Zurutuza, Urko; Conti, Mauro Recent incidents have demonstrated the increasing vulnerability of Industrial Control Systems (ICSs) to sophisticated and targeted attacks orchestrated by adversaries with high motivation, resources, and domain knowledge. Among these threats, False Data Injection (FDI) attacks have emerged as one of the main security threats to ICSs, involving the deliberate manipulation or injection of false data into the control system to deceive or disrupt operations. FDI attacks pose a significant risk due to their high capacity of concealment and ability to evade intrusion detection systems that rely on accurate ICS models. In this paper, we present defclon, a novel Software-Defined Networking (SDN)-based Moving Target Defense (MTD) approach against FDI attacks. Defclon proactively replicates network packets across multiple network paths and adaptively selects a single path using a signaling game model to reach the destination end-device. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach through simulations, numerical analysis, and experiments on ICS network traffic and topologies. Experimental results show that defclon is able to not only mitigate the effects of FDI attacks, but also to introduce different levels of uncertainty without degrading network performance, significantly increasing the difficulty for adversaries to gather information and launch attacks. 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z